INTRODUCTION
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
It might sound
strange but I highly recommend Wikipedia. Despite what you may have heard, when
it comes to Christian beliefs and practices, Wikipedia is very accurate (with
some exceptions). It is an excellent resource for further study and the reference
section of most entries contains some of the most extensive listings you’ll
find anywhere. Other websites I would recommend include: www.gotquestions.org, www.reformedanswers.org, and www.monergism.com.
PLEASE NOTE
There are three
main branches of the Christian faith: Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and
Eastern Orthodoxy. The words, practices, and beliefs covered in this book
include those of Protestant Christianity. The rites and traditions of Roman
Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are not included excepting where they may
overlap. I have also taken the liberty to include some of the more common false
teachings and heretical positions within today’s church. I decided to include
them because you will probably hear these terms with some frequency.
A
The act of
God’s grace by which we become sons and heirs through the redeeming work of
Jesus Christ.
Greek, “mercy.”
Any offering, charity, or gift given to the poor or church ministry.
Admonition
A kind of tough love or exhortation by which Christians are
responsible to warn each another of the dangers of sin or engaging in sinful
behavior.
A Greek word
for love that describes God’s holy
love. Contrary to contemporary usage this type of love is not to be understood
as a kind of love rooted in the will
rather than the emotions, or “love in action” only, or even a non-emotional sacrificial action. John Piper in Desiring God explains: “God’s agape does
not ‘transcend’ His eros, but expresses it.”
The belief that
we cannot know whether God exists or does not exist, and that certainty about
absolute truth is unattainable. In other words, the agnostics are absolutely
certain there can be no absolute certainty.
“So be it.” In
Isaiah the Lord is called, “the God of truth” in Hebrew this means, “the God of
amen.” It expresses not only an acknowledged agreement with what is being
stated but also a willingness to accept and comply with its requirements or implications.
Accursed or
separated from God. In the New Testament, “accursed from Christ” means to be
separated from all benefits of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection.
Spiritual
beings created by God to attend His will and glorification. Greek, “messenger.”
The visitation
and announcement by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would
conceive the Christ child. On March 25th some churches have a feast
commemorating this announcement.
The practice of
conceiving God as having human form, such as feet, hands, mouth, arms, etc.
This can also include many other human attributes and emotions. The Bible makes
use of this language that we might understand the actions and thoughts of God
from a common reference point, even though the Bible denies any literal
similarities.
Antichrist, The
Many believe
this is the false prophet and evil being who will oppose Christ at the end of
the church age. However, it is more likely referring to the Roman Emperor Nero,
whom the first century Christians nicknamed “the Beast.”
(Anti-God’s
law-ism) The false doctrine that teaches it is not necessary for Christians to
teach and/or obey the moral law of the Old Testament (primarily the Ten Commandments).
Antinomians believe that Jesus’ command to love others and to love God supersedes
all Old Testament mandates. Contrary to this, the New Testament makes it clear
that by our faith in Jesus Christ is God’s law established and upheld. Jesus
did not come to abolish God’s law. See, Rom. 3:31
Apocalypse
This refers to
a book (Revelation) containing heavenly secrets or divers revelations
concerning the events which will attend the final inauguration of God’s
kingdom.
Apocrypha
Books written
in addition to both the Old and New Testaments that lack prophetic or apostolic
authority. They have therefore been judged non-authoritative and unworthy for
canonical inclusion by most Protestant churches. This however does not mean
they have no value; many of them serve as excellent historical documents marking
the intertestamental period (the four-hundred year period between the Old and
New Testaments).
A subdivision
of Christian theology meaning to give a
defense, make reply, or give an answer to. The Bible teaches that
Christians are to be ready at all times to give a defense of God’s truths
against all opposition (1Peter 3:15). This includes from within the church as
well.
This refers to
a falling away, or abandonment, of the Christian faith by those who once
claimed to believe. In other words, a pretender.
A good example of an apostate in the New Testament is Demas. Demas forsook the
apostle Paul because he loved this present world more (2 Timothy 4:10). Another
example is Simon Magus the sorcerer. Simon, after making a profession of faith,
later effectually renounced his belief by trying to buy spiritual power from
the apostle Peter (Acts 8:9–24).
Apostle
The word
apostle comes from the Greek transliteration of the word apostolos, which means, “One who is sent.” This word is also
derived from apostellein, which
emphasizes the elements of commission. So, an apostle is one who is sent and
acts with full authority on behalf of the sender: “while God also bore witness
[with the apostles] by signs and wonders and various miracles and by gifts of
the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.”— Hebrews 2:4. When an
apostle (or emissary) spoke the Word that he received from God, it carried the
same weight as if the Lord Himself were speaking. Jesus, our Lord and Savior,
was our first apostle. Other apostles, known as the twelve apostles, that came
afterward include Paul, Andrew, James, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew,
James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, John and Peter. Their
letters comprise most of the New Testament.
Although it
bears their name, this statement of faith summarizing the doctrines of the
Christian faith, was not actually written by the apostles. This well known
creed was constructed by the early church and summarizes their basic teachings.
Segments of this creed are found in Christian writings as far back as the
second century (See Apostle’s Creed in the appendix).
Archangel
In the
celestial hierarchy, an angel of the highest rank. Michael and Gabriel are
listed in the Bible as archangels.
This refers to
the false teachings of Jacob Herman [Arminius]. In opposition to the teachings
of St. Augustine/John Calvin and the Protestant Reformers, Arminius rejected
the Reformed doctrine of God’s “sovereign grace” in predestinating those who
would be saved and those who would not. In compliance with the Bible’s
teaching, the Reformers believed that regeneration (to be born again by the
indwelling of the Holy Spirit) precedes faith (i.e. God’s choice and not
man’s). The Arminians, on the other hand, believed (and still do) that the Holy
Spirit is sent only to woo men and women, and that man has to make the decision
to accept Jesus Christ before God will make him regenerate (born again). In
other words, the Arminians believe that faith precedes regeneration (i.e. man’s
choice and not God’s). This heretical, man-centered, works/righteousness form
of salvation was condemned by the Reformed Synod of Dort (1618–1619), but, has
nevertheless continued to grow primarily through the Methodist, Pentecostal,
and Charismatic churches. Sadly, most of today’s evangelical church holds to
some form of this false teaching. (See Romans 9:14-18)
Ascension of Christ
The act of
Jesus by which He concluded His post-resurrection appearances and was taken up
to heaven (a sign of exaltation) to be seated at the right hand of the Father,
where He now makes intercession on behalf of His followers. This was the
“coronation ceremony” of our Lord and Savior.
This refers to
the un-created, non-dependent, and eternal self-existence of God.
Assurance
Assurance
refers to the full confidence and conviction of the believer that his sin has
been paid for and his eternal destiny secured. More than just a one-time
subjective experience—or even a daily subjective apprehension—true assurance is
grounded in the objective Word of God as the Holy Spirit bears witness to our
spirit.
Atheism
The denial of
the existence of any god or gods.
The
reconciliation between God and sinful man (at-one-ment) through the life and sacrificial
death of Jesus Christ. Cults such as the Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Christian Science, and Seventh-Day Adventists, all deny the atoning work of
Christ.
B
Baptism
The rite of
entrance into the Christian church. Far from being simply a lot of ceremonial
mumbo-jumbo, or an antiquated product of organized religion, it is the
sacramental sign instituted by our Lord as a seal of the New Covenant. This
outward sign, and its mandated assent signifies God’s promise of salvation to
those He has called out of this world. If you have recently become a new
Christian it is your appointed duty to get baptized. It is not optional. Many
things are signified by baptism, such as cleansing and remission of sin.
Baptism also signifies a washing through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit and
His abiding presence, sealing, sanctifying and guaranteeing our eternal
destiny. It is also a sign of our union with Jesus Christ in His death, burial,
and resurrection—“We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in
order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father,
we too might walk in newness of life.”—Romans 6:4
Baptistry
Possibly a
separate building, or part of the church, usually including either a large tank
or pool of water for administering the sacrament of baptism.
Beatific Vision
The promise of
the vision of God when one day we
will see Him in all His holy splendor. We will behold Him as He truly is.
The eight
declarations of blessedness given by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount. See,
Matt. 5:3–12
An act or
pronouncement of blessing. As opposed to malediction—a pronounced curse.
Bible
Meaning book. Latin biblia sacra "holy book" or "sacred books." The
only authoritative and recognized record of “authenticated” divine revelation
containing both the Old and New Testaments.
A branch of
ethics that deals with difficult moral and ethical questions raised with
certain biological and medical procedures, technologies, treatments, etc., such
as genetic engineering, invitro fertilization, and stem cell research. It has
been noted that the scientific world is moving at a much faster pace than many
theologians and Christian philosophers can unravel the moral and ethical
problems and implications. Much knowledge and wisdom are needed in this area.
Birth, New
See,
Regeneration
Bishop
Greek
“overseer.” In the New Testament this once referred to the chief elders or
pastors responsible for the leadership of the church. Today, this term usually
refers to a chief overseer of a specific area of churches, e.g., a district or diocese.
To actively
curse, mock, insult, revile, slander, show contempt, or lack of reverence for
God. The Old Testament required the death penalty for public blasphemy.
Body of Christ
The New
Testament uses this phrase primarily in reference to the church. The church’s
unity and identity with Christ is pointed out by the designation the body of Christ, with Christ as our
head; we are nowhere called a body of Christians.
A heavenly book
in which the names of God’s chosen people (the elect) are written: “The one who
conquers will be clothed thus in white garments, and I will never blot his name
out of the book of life. I will confess his name before my Father and before his
angels.” —Revelation 3:5
C
The teachings
of 16th century Protestant reformer John Calvin. In accordance with the
Augustinian tradition (4th century), Calvin taught that only certain persons,
the elect, were chosen by God to be saved; and that salvation is solely the
work of God and God alone and not that of works (this includes making unregenerate,
self-righteous decisions to accept Jesus). Calvinists believe that it is not
possible for fallen man to receive Jesus Christ without God first making him spiritually alive (born
again by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit). And the decision as to who will be
saved, and who will not be saved, is solely a result of God choosing that
person for His purposes, and not that person choosing God (regeneration precedes faith). This is also known as
as Augustinianism. See also,
Arminianism (faith precedes
regeneration).
That said, Calvinism is also much more (a lot more) than
just a theological conviction concerning God’s providential sovereignty over
salvation. It is also a life and worldview that acknowledges God’s providential
rule over all areas of life and calls Christians to consecrate every area of
life to the glory of God. I like this quote from Francis Schaeffer:
"Christianity is
not just involved with "salvation," but with the total man in the
total world. The Christian message begins with the existence of God forever,
and then with creation. It does not begin with salvation. We must be thankful
for salvation, but the Christian message is more than that. Man has a value
because he is made in the image of God and thus man as man is an important
subject for Christian art.”
Canon
The collection
of 66 books of both Old (39) and New (27) Testament received by the Christian
church as genuine and inspired Holy Scripture. Greek, meaning “rule.”
Catacombs
Underground
caves or tunnels where the early Christians buried their dead and secretly met
during times of Roman persecution.
A book or
manual in question and answer form that teaches the basic principles of the
Christian faith (e.g., The Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms; The
Heidelberg Catechism).
Chapel
Usually a
smaller church, with its own sanctuary, either as part of a larger church, or
separate, used for various church services or functions. A chapel may also be
part of a college, prison, hospital, or cemetery, and not connected with any
denomination or church.
Charismatic, Pentecostal
A type of
Christian or church that emphasizes personal religious experience and the
exercising of spiritual gifts, e.g. prophecy, healing, tongues, etc.
Christen
Meaning to baptize (informal or colloquial
usage).
Christmas
A celebration
held once a year that commemorates the incarnation of God Himself through the birth
of Jesus and the coming of the Messiah.
Church
The church is a united eternal community of all true
believers throughout all ages.
A body or
member of an ordained ministry or church as distinct from lay people. See,
Laity
A kind of grace that is poured out to both believers and
unbelievers without distinction. He grants blessings to “the just and the
unjust.” This grace also restrains the power of sin in the world.“Common grace
is the grace of God by which he gives people innumerable blessings that are not
part of salvation.”—Wayne Grudem “[Common grace] curbs the destructive power of
sin, maintains in a measure the moral order of the universe, thus making an
orderly life possible, distributes in varying degrees gifts and talents among
men, promotes the development of science and art, and showers untold blessings
upon the children of men.”—Louis Berkhof
Communion, Holy, or Lord’s Supper
An ordinance or
sacrament instituted by Christ in which Christians partake of bread and wine
for the purpose of remembering the atoning work of Christ, receiving strength
from Him, and rededicating our lives to His purposes. It is also a meeting with
His divine presence as we commune with Him and all believers past or present
(living or dead).
Communion of Saints
This refers to the
union of all believers (living or dead) and our common life in Christ as His
chosen people. When we gather to worship, or observe the Lord’s Supper, we are
in fellowship with “all” believers.
A godly sorrow
that leads to repentance for sin. This is in contrast to attrition: a repentance based on fear of punishment or unpleasant
consequences.
New birth in
Christ; a new will and attitude that brings the unregenerate (unsaved) into a
saving relationship with God by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. This
experience is irreversible. You cannot lose your salvation.
Covenant
A compact or
agreement initiated by God for the benefit and blessing of man. The benefits
can be received by faith to those who commit themselves to the obligations of
the agreement. The New Testament is also known as the New Covenant.
Creed
A statement of
faith, usually much shorter than a confession of faith, that states essential
Biblical truth. Creeds are not to be viewed as the inspired Word of God, but
handled properly can facilitate public confession, safeguard pure doctrine, and
constitute an appropriate focus for a church or Christian. See Appendix, Classic
Church Creeds
Cross-shaped. Some churches, when viewed from above,
are designed in the shape of a cross.
A religion or
religious sect considered to be extremist or false. Unlike the occult they
generally do not dabble with the supernatural but usually seek to enliven a
false or dead orthodoxy. Its followers often live in an unconventional manner
under the leadership of an authoritarian or charismatic leader (Children of
God, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons, Faith/Prosperity Movement, Christian
Science, Seventh-day Adventists, etc.).
This is the
command given by God to all people (Gen. 1:26-28; cf. Gen 2:15), Christian or
not, to exercise dominion over the earth and subdue it. This includes
glorifying Him through the culture we create and throughout all areas of life.
D
The name given
to about 800 scrolls and fragments of scrolls that were found in eleven caves
near Qumran on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in 1947. The scrolls were
part of a library kept by the Essenes (a religious community of Jews back in
the days of Jesus). The scrolls contain nearly all of the Old Testament along
with many commentaries and community documents that are highly valued for the
information they contain about the Bible, Judaism, and the overall culture
during this period.
Decalogue, The Ten Commandments
Another name
for the Ten Commandments: stone tablets written by God Himself and given to
Moses on Mount Sinai. See, Exodus 20:1
The belief that
God created the universe but remains detached from His creation; He allows it
to administer to itself through natural laws (like a wind-up clock). Also known
as the doctrine of the absentee landlord. Deism stresses the importance of
ethical conduct but rejects the supernatural elements of the Christian faith.
This refers to
the divine nature of Jesus rather than His human nature. This essential truth
and doctrine of the Christian faith affirms that Jesus was both truly man and truly
God. This presents a mystery to our minds but is clearly taught by Scripture
and is not contradictory.
Divine Providence
A Scripture doctrine that acknowledges God as the creator of
heaven and earth, and that all which takes place on heaven and earth is under
God’s governing control and sovereign guidance.
A principle or
body of principles formulated from the Word of God presented for acceptance and
belief (a teaching).
Authoritative
doctrine (teaching) considered to be absolutely
true; e.g., “Christianity is a dogmatic religion.” Many in the church no longer
affirm this statement, or the use of this word in describing non-negotiable
Christian doctrine, and have instead adopted the relativistic and/or
pluralistic worldview of today’s liberal culture.
Doxology
A declaration
of praise to God, such as a hymn in a worship service expressing His power and
glory. The apostle Paul often breaks out in doxology throughout the New
Testament.
E
Easter
Also known as Resurrection
Sunday, or Pascha, is a Christian celebration that commemorates the resurrection
of Jesus from the dead on the third day of his burial (Sunday) after His
crucifixion. This event declared that He was the accepted sacrifice for the
sins of the world.
To build up the church. In the New
Testament, this is the context in which spiritual gifts are to be exercised.
Everyone doing their part causes the body of Christ to grow in love and
maturity.
An act of God’s
grace in selecting a chosen people for His kingdom and beneficiaries of His
love and eternal blessings. These people were given to Jesus as a gift by God
the Father for what He bore on their behalf. The New Testament records that
Jesus does not pray for the whole world, but only those given to Him by the
Father (John 17:9-21).
Epistle
A letter, or
letters, that are included and accepted as holy Scripture in the New Testament
(books). These include the Epistle to the Romans, First Epistle to the
Corinthians, Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Epistle to the Hebrews, Epistle
of James, Epistle to the Ephesians, Epistle to the Galatians, Epistle to the
Colossians, Epistle to the Philippians, First Epistle to the Thessalonians,
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, First Epistle to Timothy, Second Epistle
to Timothy, Epistle to Titus, Epistle to Philemon, First Epistle of Peter,
Second Epistle of Peter, First Epistle of John, Second Epistle of John, Third
Epistle of John, and the Epistle of Jude.
Eschatology
A distinct
branch of theology that deals with the end times or “last things,” generally
concerning God’s consummation of redemptive history (second coming, final
judgment, millennial reign, bodily resurrection, new heavens and earth, etc.).
The four primary doctrinal views on the millennium are, Amillennialism,
Historic Postmillennialism, Dispensational Postmillennialism and
Premillennialism.
Eucharist
Another name
for the Lord’s Supper, or Holy Communion. See, Communion, Holy
Evangelical
A movement in
modern Christianity that transcends denominational and confessional boundaries,
emphasizing conformity to the basic tenets of the Christian faith.
Historically, however, this word comes from the reformers of the Protestant
Reformation. The biblical word for gospel is evangel. The Reformers called themselves evangelicals because they
believed the doctrine of justification by
faith alone was central to the proclamation of the gospel message, against
the Roman Catholic Church (justification by faith plus meritorious works).
Today, this term has been so stripped of its historical content that it no
longer refers to anything specific that would define a person or a church’s
belief system. Because of this, there is a movement in our day (The Alliance of
Confessing Evangelicals) committed to restoring the historical and doctrinal
content of this long forgotten and essential identity for the Christian church.
Featuring many blogs, podcasts and teaching resources, this is one of the best parachurch
ministries out there. Get the App!
Evangelism
The
proclamation to the unsaved of the good news of salvation made possible through
the life and atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ. All believers are called to
share the gospel.
Excommunication
A corrective
punishment required and issued by the church that publicly excludes a person
from Holy Communion (Lord’s Supper) and church membership. The impenitent
person is also handed over to Satan for the destruction of the flesh. This
extreme measure becomes necessary when an unrepentant member poses a threat to
the church either physically, doctrinally or morally. It is applicable even for
today’s church. (Although an unrepentant member can simply join another church
and be singing in the choir before the month is out, nevertheless, as that
person stands before God, they have still been removed from His blessings and
handed over to Satan regardless of external appearances).
Expiation
To remove or
discharge our sin; the result of Jesus’ propitiation (or appeasement) of God’s
wrath for transgressions committed against Him.
F
Faith
The many-sided
relationship in which Christians are called to place their trust in God through
Jesus Christ. “Faith is that which unites the soul with Jesus Christ.” —Jonathan Edwards
Fall of Man
Refers to the
transition of Adam and Eve from a state of innocence and obedience to a state
of guilty disobedience. See also, Original Sin
Fasting
The act, or
practice, of total or partial abstinence from food for a period of time for the
purpose of spiritual devotion to God. This practice is still applicable to the
New Testament believer for today.
Fish
ICHTHUS is the
Greek word for fish. The letters of this word are the initial letters
(acrostic) for “Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior” in the Greek. The symbol of
the fish (two intersecting arcs) was also used by early Christians to identify
themselves to one another in days of persecution. According to tradition, one
believer would scribe half the symbol by a single arc (on the ground), the
other, if a believer, would scribe the other half. This would identify them as fellow
Christian believers rather than an unbeliever that could possibly alert
authorities. It was very dangerous to be a Christian in those days.
Flesh
In the New
Testament, the flesh is not considered inherently evil, but is often used to
describe the earthly and lustful desires of our fallen nature; that which is
opposed to the Spirit of God. Those that live according to the flesh cannot
please God. This should not be understood as a denunciation of the physical.
There is nothing in the physical world that is inherently evil or nonspiritual.
This includes conjugal sex.
Foreknowledge
God’s foresight
concerning future events. His foreknowledge is directly linked to His
omniscience (having all knowledge). God does not learn anything new by looking
down the portholes of time and noting man’s autonomous, free-will decisions;
rather, all future events have been predetermined and are grounded within God’s
knowledge of Himself. Any doctrine that directly or indirectly denies God’s
foreknowledge in all things denies God Himself (Open Theism, Molinism,
Arminianism, Faith/Prosperity Movement, etc.) See also, Open Theism.
Free will
The ability to
choose or make free choices according to our desires or inclinations that are
unconstrained and not forced by fate or divine will. Fallen man no longer has free
will in the libertarian sense. His mind and emotions have been darkened by sin
and bound by wicked impulses. We no longer have any desire for God. The Bible
teaches that fallen man is spiritually blind and spiritually dead. Our thoughts
toward God are evil continually. We will not have Him in our thinking and have
been rendered natural enemies of Him. Unless our hearts are changed by the indwelling
of the Holy Spirit, we do not have the power to overcome this fallen
predisposition, or the ability to freely choose Him.
Fundamentalism
A broad
movement within Protestantism in the United States (early twentieth century to
present day). The fundamentalist tries to preserve the basic ideas of
Christianity against criticism by liberal theologians. This movement has gone
through many radical changes over the years making an exact identification
nearly impossible. See also, Liberal Theology
G
Gargoyle
A roof spout in
the shape of a grotesque creature designed to carry rainwater away from the
walls of a building or church. Symbolic in Gothic cathedrals of evil being
expelled by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
Glory
This refers to
the majestic beauty and splendor that underlies God’s presence and His worthiness
to be praised, adored and honored.
Glorification of the Saints
The final state
when all who have died in Christ (and including those still living), are given
the resurrection of the body. This is the final act of our redemption as we,
“put on immortality.”
Glossolalia.
See, Tongues,
Speaking in
Golden Rule
This term
nowhere appears in the Bible but was ascribed to the teaching of Jesus during
the 16th–17th centuries. It is found in His Sermon on the Mount, “So whatever
you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and
the Prophets.”— Matthew 7:12
Good Friday
The Friday
before resurrection Sunday (Easter). Good Friday dates back to a special holy
day in a Holy Week in Jerusalem in the late fourth century. In some Protestant
churches they celebrate the Lord’s Supper on this day.
Gospel Message
Old English,
gōd spell or "good news." The joyous proclamation that Jesus Christ,
God incarnate, was sent into the world as an act of divine intervention on
behalf of fallen man. Jesus lived a perfect and sinless life, fulfilling God’s
laws perfectly where Adam had failed. He was inevitably betrayed by one of His
own and crucified on a Roman cross. This is where He was to be offered as an
atoning sacrifice for the sins of the world. Afterward, on the third day, He
was raised from the dead, showing Himself to be the accepted sacrifice. Through
His sinless life and sacrificial death, Jesus satisfied the demands of God’s
justice. If you repent of your sins and place your trust in Him, your sins will
be forgiven and you will have everlasting life.
Grace
The standard
definition is undeserved blessings from God bestowed upon sinful man. A popular
acronym expresses it this way: God’s Riches At Christ’s Expense. However, the
Greek word, gratia, has other
references as well:
1. That which
affords joy, pleasure, delight.
2. Gracefulness
or loveliness.
3. Good will,
loving-kindness, or favor.
4. Enablement
for a task.
5. Kindness
which bestows upon one what he has not deserved.
—Bibleworks – Thayer’s Greek Lexicon
Grail, The Holy
The chalice
used by Jesus at The Last Supper.
Great Commission, The
The command of
our Lord to proclaim and carry His message to all nations: “Go therefore and
make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of
the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have
commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.” —Matt.
28:19–20
H
Hades
The abode of
the dead. Hades is said to be divided into two compartments: the righteous, or
“Abraham’s Bosom,” and the place of the unrighteous dead. There is a huge gulf
that separates the two. Also Greek for Hell. See also, Hell
Hallelujah
“Praise the
Lord.”
Heaven
A place of unending worship, perfect happiness, and fullness
of joy in the presence of God. It is the eternal destiny of all believers and
was described by Jesus as paradise. “He will wipe away every tear from their
eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying,
nor pain anymore, for the former things have passed away.” (Revelation 21:4)
Heart
That which is
central to a person and their true character and personality. This includes the
emotions, the mind, and the will.
Hedonism
The philosophy
that only what is pleasant or pleasurable, or has pleasant and pleasurable
consequences, is intrinsically good.
Hell
A place where all those who have rejected Jesus Christ will
forever experience God’s wrath, a place of “weeping and gnashing of
teeth.”(Matthew 13:42). “. . . in flaming fire, inflicting vengeance on those
who do not know God and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus.
They will suffer the punishment of eternal destruction, away from the presence
of the Lord and from the glory of his might, when he comes on that day to be
glorified in his saints, and to be marveled at among all who have believed,
because our testimony to you was believed.” (2 Thessalonians 1:8-10)
Heresy
A false
doctrine (teaching), or opinion that denies any of the foundational beliefs of
the Christian faith (e.g. the Trinity, Deity of Christ, Virgin Birth,
Atonement, Resurrection, etc.) but still retains the name Christian.
Hermeneutics
The science and
art of biblical interpretation. An essential discipline for the proper handling
and right understanding of God’s Word.
Holiness
This word
refers to God’s nature. More than just the attributes of purity and
righteousness, it denotes the very foundation of His Being and the “otherness”
that separates Him from all creatures. Holiness rests upon three platforms:
Truth, Beauty, and Goodness.
Holy Spirit
The third person of the Holy Trinity (not force).
He manifests the power of the Father and the Son. His ministry on Earth is one
of holiness, hence, “Holy Spirit.” He indwells the believer upon conversion and
applies the redemptive work of Christ throughout the believer’s life.
Holy Trinity
see, Trinity
Hope
An assurance of
what God will bring to pass in the future. Unlike worldly hope, biblical hope
is not wishful thinking. It is faith directed towards real yet unfulfilled and
unalterable future events.
Hosanna
Hebrew “save us
now.” The shout of the multitude during Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem.
Humblebrag
A relatively new term within evangelical Christianity. It is
a way of bragging, or boasting, disguised in humility by pretending to be
modest, or self-disparaging, about your achievements or successes. “I wanted to
go to Harvard but unfortunately only went to Yale.”
Hypocrisy
Commonly misunderstood as not practicing what you preach.
Its real meaning, however, is to fail to believe what you preach. I like this
quote from Philosopher Peter Kreeft of Boston College, “Hypocrisy is not the
failure to practice what you preach but the failure to believe it. Hypocrisy is
propaganda.”
I
ICHTHUS
See, Fish
Idolatry
The worship of
an object or false God. In the Old Testament, the word idol usually refers to a
carved or molded image. However, it can also refer to anything that stands
between us and God (pride, money, possessions, power, etc.); or as a substitute
for God (career, ministry, family, hobbies, etc.).
Illumination
The Holy
Spirit’s work in enabling the believer to understand and accept the truths of
Scripture through a radical change in heart and disposition. This enlightened, spiritual
understanding is not to be confused with revelation or prophecy. No new
information is imparted.
Immutability of God
This refers to the
attribute of God as unchanging in his character, mind and will. He is “the same
yesterday, today and forever.” It is important to note that immutability
describes only an attribute of God’s fixed character, and is not in reference
to his ability to move, or create or interact with His creatures.
Imputation
To reckon or charge
to one’s account. Through the atonement, the righteousness of Jesus Christ is
imputed or transferred to us (not earned or infused) as a free gift from God
the Father. Our sin was likewise imputed to Him on the cross.
Incarnation
Refers to the
second person of the Trinity being born into the world as the Christ child
(Jesus). He is God Himself made manifest in the flesh: Truly man and truly God.
I.N.I.
Latin initial
letters, “In Nomine Iesus” or “in the name of Jesus.”
INRI
Title given to
Jesus by Pontius Pilate and nailed to the top of the cross. Initial letters of
the Latin inscription “Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum”— Jesus of Nazareth, King
of the Jews.
Intercession
The act of
petitioning God or praying on behalf of another person or group. Seated at the
right hand of the Father, Jesus Christ makes intercession on behalf of His
people. He is our only intercessor.
Prayers to Mary and other saints are not only ineffectual but reveal a gross misconception
of what Christ’s work accomplished.
Invocation
Latin “to call
upon.” A prayer at the beginning of most church services invoking God’s
presence and blessings.
J–K
Joy
Happiness in
life that runs deeper than emotions or sensual pleasure. This joy rises above
external circumstances, whether painful or pleasurable, and focuses on the
character of God and the contentment of being in His eternal kingdom for His
eternal purposes.
Judgment, The Last
The final
judgment that will conclude redemptive history when all people and nations will
be judged. Both elect and non-elect will give an account to their Creator. All
evil will be removed from the world.
Justification
God’s
acceptance and pardoning of sinful man through the atoning work of Jesus
Christ. We are justified or “seen as righteous” only through the perfect life
and shed blood of Jesus Christ.
L
Laity
Non-ordained
ministers (laymen). The Bible teaches that all Christians are priests, but not
all are ordained as ministers (clergy). The New Testament proclamation of the
priesthood of all believers is not be understood as an unaccountable, self-directed
priesthood, but only that we may now, “proclaim
the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.”
This public declaration and outreach is the way in which we exercise our
priestly calling and duties. This does not make everyone an officer of the
church.
See 1 Peter 2:9
Last Supper
This refers to
the institution of the Lord’s Supper on the night Jesus was betrayed. See also,
Communion, Holy, or Lord’s Supper.
Legalism
A distortion of
obedience that twists the purposes and motives for good deeds as a way to earn
God’s favor and escape judgment. The Pharisees (religious leaders) in the New
Testament were guilty of this in a variety of ways, such as formalized daily
observances of the law (Law of Moses—Old Testament) down to the minutest
detail, and using their own good works and human traditions as systems of salvation.
Liberal Theology
A movement in
theology also known as modernism that came about in the late nineteenth century.
It still exists to this day and insists on a synthesis between the gospel and
modern age thinking. It stresses ideas such as human accomplishment,
self-fulfillment, psychological methodology, practical issues of life, social
justice, scientific theories (e.g. evolution), the denial of the supernatural,
along with very questionable Higher critical conclusions about the Bible
(dating, authorship, literary styles, etc.).
Liberty
Freedom from our
fallen enslavement to sin and a God given power for obedience. In other words,
freedom to not sin. Despite the common misunderstandings of this term, it is
not to be understood as a kind of special permission to live however we please
in worldly or fleshly categories. The power, or legal right, to make unhindered
lifestyle choices in itself does not make us truly free. Only the God-given
power to choose rightly makes us free. This is true liberty. It is only when
our desires are godly can we live however we please.
Litany
Greek,
“intercessory prayer.” In some services pastors make petitions to God and the
congregation responds with, “Hear us, O Lord.”
Liturgy
A set form or
style of worship.
Lord’s Day
Sunday. The
weekly commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus.
Lord’s Supper
See, Communion,
Holy
M
Magnificat
(It magnifies)
Mary’s song of praise for being chosen to be the mother of our Savior. See,
Luke 1:46–55
Martyr
One who loses
his life for his faith in Christ. The first recorded Christian martyr is
Stephen in the book of Acts, he was stoned to death.
Maundy Thursday
Also called
Holy Thursday. Observed on the Thursday before Easter in commemoration of the
Last Supper, the giving of the command to love, and the washing of the
disciples feet.
Messiah
(anointed one)
The anointed One of God to deliver His people.
Missionary
An ordained or
lay person sent by the church to spread the gospel abroad and fulfill the Great
Commission.
Monergism
This describes
the initial redemptive actions of God’s grace as the only effective cause in conversion. Christians do not participate,
or cooperate, in any way with the initial work of regeneration (born again of
the Spirit). This includes decisions for accepting Jesus Christ, or giving Him
your heart and life, although we are enabled to do this after-the-fact. “For by
grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is
the gift of God, . . .” —Ephesians 2:8 (compare with Synergism)
Moralistic Therapeutic Deism
A derogatory term coined by Christian Smith and his fellow
researchers at the National Study of Youth and Religion to describe the
religious beliefs held by the average American teenager. They consists of the
following: 1. "A god exists who created and ordered the world and watches
over human life on earth." 2. "God wants people to be good, nice, and
fair to each other, as taught in the Bible and by most world religions."
3. "The central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about
oneself." 4. "God does not need to be particularly involved in one's
life except when God is needed to resolve a problem." 5. "Good people
go to heaven when they die."
Myrrh
An aromatic gum
resin used in perfume or incense. One of the gifts from the Wise Men; likewise
said to foreshadow Jesus’ suffering and death through its bitter taste.
N–O
Nihilism
The
philosophical doctrine affirming the total rejection of all traditional moral
or religious values, as well as any social order that would enshrine them.
Nimbus
Latin for
“cloud.” The halo of light that surrounds a person or head in paintings or
statuary indicating holy or sacred figures (iconography).
Occult, The
Hidden or
secret wisdom that is communicated by means that are beyond the five senses,
placing people in contact with supernatural powers, paranormal energies, or
demonic forces—“knowledge of the hidden.” This is not to be confused with a
cult, or cultic teachings. See, Cult
Olive Branch
Symbolizes
peace or good will. After the flood, Noah released a dove in order to find
land. On the second trip the dove returned with an olive leaf. It has since
been recognized as a symbol of peace. See, Genesis 8:11
Omission, Sins of
A sinful act
wrought through negligence or not doing what is required. We will all stand
before God and give an account for all the things we should have done but
failed to do (and all that we should have known
as well).
Omnipotence
An attribute of
God, meaning all-powerful.
Omnipresence
An attribute of
God signifying that He is everywhere at the same time. He is also “fully
present” everywhere at the same time. The aspect of God’s being fully present
is known as His “immensity.” This is however not to be confused with the false
teaching of Pantheism (God is all, and all is God). Although God is fully
present in all things, He still maintains His own separate and distinct
identity apart from His creation.
Omniscience
An attribute of
God, meaning all-knowing. Despite the Bible’s use of anthropomorphic language, God
does not learn anything or acquire new information. This includes all knowledge
pertaining to the future. He is pure being
and is never in a state of becoming
in any way. See also, Anthropomorphism, and, Foreknowledge
Open Theism
A recent
theological movement that denies the omniscience and providential sovereignty
of God. It seeks to reconcile the problem they wrongly see with the free will
of man as it relates to the providential sovereignty of God. This heretical
movement teaches that God does not know, or chooses not to know, future events.
Rather, He foregoes His attributes and makes Himself an uninformed participant in
the unraveling of redemptive history. As mankind makes unimpeded free choices, such
as decisions for Jesus, God then redirects His redemptive plans to accommodate
these choices. In other words, He writes in pencil. Clearly, this view comes
from a faulty understanding of the free will of man as it relates to God’s
sovereignty. This teaching is in direct opposition to the Word of God. The free
will of man doesn’t need to be rescued from God’s sovereignty. They are not
incompatible.
Original Sin
In spite of the
name, this does not refer to the first sin that was committed by Adam and Eve.
Rather it refers to the consequences
of that sin. Mankind is now in a sinful fallen condition from birth. We sin
because we are made sinners (cursed).
Orthodoxy
The accepted or
authorized teachings and practices of the Christian faith. Orthodoxy is by no
means infallible, but dissent must be proven biblically. The Westminster Confession of Faith, for example, is an accurate
formal compilation of the doctrinal beliefs and practices held during the
Protestant Reformation. Many churches use this confession to establish orthodox
teaching and practice within the church.
P–Q
Paideia
This refers to
child-rearing, education and cultural upbringing. “The paideia extends well
past the simple limits of an established curriculum; it describes an entire way
of life. In short, the ancients understood that education was religious and
that religious claims are total.” —Douglas Wilson, The Case for Classical Christian Education
Palm Sunday
The Sunday
before Jesus’ crucifixion. Referring to the triumphant entry of Jesus into
Jerusalem when palm fronds were strewn before Him.
Parables
Short simple
stories used by Jesus throughout His ministry to communicate spiritual truths,
principles and moral lessons. A type of analogy.
Parousia
See, Second
Coming of Christ
Passion, of Christ
Latin,
“suffering.” Refers to the mental, spiritual and physical suffering of Jesus the
week before his crucifixion and what He later endured on the cross.
Passover
See, Communion,
Holy
Pentecost
Commemorates
the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples, fifty days (pente), the
seventh Sunday from Easter, while they were celebrating the Feast of Weeks in
Jerusalem. See, Acts of the Apostles 2:1–31
Placation
Describes the combined acts of expiation (the removal of our
sin) and propitiation (the appeasement of God’s wrath). Jesus placated the
wrath of God through His perfect life and sacrifice on the cross.
Predestination
The biblical
teaching that the course of human history and the lives of individuals,
including their salvation, has been predetermined by God. This should not be
understood as something that violates human free-will. Our free choices are
likewise predestined. See also, Foreknowledge
Propitiation
Meaning
appeasement of God’s wrath. Jesus satisfied the demands of God’s holy justice.
Protestantism
The name given to
a movement during the 16th century that was against (or protested) the
practices and errors of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement became known
as the Protestant Reformation. Since that time, there are now three main
branches of Christianity: Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Providence
This primarily
has to do with God’s governance of His creation and the directing of all that
takes place in the universe. He exercises divine sovereign rule over all. This
includes human destiny, human free will, human failures and successes, and the
affairs of the nations. His governance is also permanent and cannot be overthrown.
It is an absolute monarchy.
Pulpit
Latin, “raised
platform.” This is where a sermon is delivered. In many churches, the traditional
pulpit is still used. It is raised significantly above the floor so that the
person speaking may be easily seen and heard by the congregation—all that the
Word of God may be elevated and its authority reverenced.
R
Rainbow
A symbol of
God’s promise to Noah to never flood or destroy the Earth again.
Rapture
A term used
primarily by premillennialists to describe the church’s “secret removal” from
the earth before or during the seven year tribulation period. This is however
unwarranted by the context of the passage in which this teaching is primarily
derived (1 Thess. 4:15–17). This passage clearly describes the events of the
final consummation of redemptive history and not a precursor. Those who are
alive and remaining on the Earth will meet “the Lord in the air” with the
redeemed saints at this time.
Reformation, Protestant The
A radical
movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. This
movement began October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses
in Wittenburg, Germany. These reforms still exist today in the form of many
Protestant churches.
Regeneration
This refers to
being born again or made spiritually
alive by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. This regenerating work is the
Spirit’s fulfillment of God’s election; Christians are passive in the receiving
of this one time experience. Salvation is not of him who wills . . . See Romans
9:16; see also, Synergism and Monergism
Remission, of sins
“Forgiveness”
of sin. “. . . for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for
many for the forgiveness of sins.” —Matthew 26:28
Repentance
The turning away
from sin, rebellion, or disobedience and then turning back to God. This can oftentimes
involves making restitution.
Ritual
A prescribed
form of ceremony. Rituals are not sinful in themselves but can lead to repeated
formal ceremonies that have long forgotten the substance and meaning behind
their practice.
Rose
Jesus was
referred to as the Rose of Sharon. See, Song of Solomon 2:1
S
Sabbath
In the Old
Testament this referred to the seventh day of the week Saturday. This was a day
when the children of Israel were to rest in remembrance of God’s creation of the
world in six days and then resting on the seventh. Some denominations, such as
the Reformed Churches, Baptist Churches, and Method Churches consider Sunday,
The Lord’s Day, to be the Christian Sabbath. See, Exodus 20:8–11
Sacrament
An outward sign
that serves to seal and confirm the covenantal promises of God. The two
sacraments instituted by our Lord are Baptism and the Lord’s Supper (or
Communion).
Saint
The status or state of being holy that God declares of every
believer.
Salvation
The work of Jesus Christ in providing His people with
deliverance from the bondage and consequences of sin (God’s wrath) and bringing
them to everlasting joy in His presence.
See also, the Gospel
Sanctification
To be set apart
by God and daily conformed to the likeness of Jesus Christ. This ongoing
spiritual growth is initiated at regeneration (spiritual rebirth). See also, Synergism
Schism
This word is
commonly confused with heresy.
However, heresy is opposed to the Christian faith doctrinally, while a schism
is opposed to the Christian faith by a breach in charity. Most schisms exist
through positions of overzealous and unnecessary requirements (or dogma),
intolerant and uncharitable to all who do not conform.
Secular
A worldview or
lifestyle that is oriented to the profane (non-religious) rather than the
sacred—to the natural rather than the supernatural.
Shekinah
A visible
manifestation of God’s glory. This primarily took the form of a luminous cloud
that rested above the altar in O.T. times. Since the Babylonian captivity there
has been no return of the Shekinah glory.
Sin
The Westminster
Larger Catechism defines sin as—“any want of conformity unto, or transgression
of, any law of God, given as a rule to the reasonable creature.” It can
therefore be viewed as a condition of alienation from God. The Bible also uses
this word in reference to the fallen condition we are born in, we are “born in
sin.”
Sovereign
Meaning the supreme rank and rightful authority of God to
rule the universe.
Synergism
The working
together (cooperation) with God for our on-going spiritual growth. This
sanctifying process takes place after the initial experience of rebirth. This
should not be understood to mean that our flesh (carnal fallen nature) can
somehow cooperate with God’s Spirit. It is only because God’s Spirit lives and
works within us do we cooperate with Him. God is the pilot, not the co-pilot.
T
Temptation
To be invited
or enticed to sin. Satan entices man to sin in hopes of ruining him. God never
tempts anyone to sin, but does however test or prove us for our betterment and
growth.
Theology
Knowledge of God.
Theophany
A direct visual
manifestation of the presence of God.
Tithing
Tithing is the
practice of giving a tenth of one’s produce or property to support various
religious institutions. During the time of the Old Covenant, God made tithing
mandatory for the children of Israel through the giving of the Mosaic law (Law
of Moses). There would be several tithes collected for a variety of reasons
that would amount to about one-quarter of their income. These offerings would
be the equivalent of paying income taxes to support their government. Tithing
is therefore no longer applicable to the New Testament believer. Regardless of
what is taught in some churches, New Testament giving to the local church is now
based upon availability rather than
the tithe system.
Tongues, Speaking in
A spiritual
gift given by God that involves speaking in foreign languages for the spreading
of the gospel message to the whole world. It is not the utterance of an unknown
language (e.g. ecstatic utterance and free vocalization) and is also related to
the gift of prophecy. The purpose for this gifting is no longer applicable. It
has now therefore ceased and is no longer a regular feature in the life of
today’s church. I like this quote by Thomas Schreiner, “1 Corinthians 13:8-12
permits but doesn't require the [miraculous sign] gifts to continue until the
second coming. And the gifts as they are practiced today don't fit with the
biblical description of these gifts.”
Therapeutic Spirituality
A secular type of spirituality that is based upon felt
needs. True worship and self-denial are replaced by self-expression; and
subjectively determined personal preferences become the means to
self-actualization. This type of spirituality replaces the Jesus of the Bible with
one of personal preference and eschews doctrines of sin, judgment, and Hell.
Transfiguration, The
This refers to
the events that took place on the Mount of Transfiguration: Moses and Elijah
appeared; Jesus’ glory was then shown as He transfigured before them, His face
becoming bright as the sun, and His clothes became dazzling white.
Trinity, Holy The
Triune God
(Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). He is three in persons, yet only one in
essence. All Protestant denominations, Roman Catholic churches, and Eastern
Orthodox churches, affirm this essential and non-negotiable teaching of the
Christian faith.
U
Unitarianism
An ancient
heresy that denies the Holy Trinity as well as the deity of Christ. They still
exist today and are not part of the Christian church. See, Trinity, Holy The.
Universalism
A belief which
affirms that all human beings will eventually be saved. This view is in
opposition to the teachings of Scripture.
V
Virgin Birth
The Christian
doctrine affirming that Jesus was begotten by God the Father and conceived by
Mary, who was a virgin. To deny this doctrine is to deny the entrance of the
“Son of God” into the world.
Visible Church
This refers to
the church that can be physically seen, in contrast to the real and true
members of Christ’s body that only God can see. Anyone can go to church, and
anyone can claim to be a Christian, but one day all will be revealed.
W–Z
Westminster Confession of Faith, The
A formal
compilation of the doctrinal beliefs and practices held during the Protestant
Reformation (Calvinism). Many churches use this confession to establish
orthodox teaching and practice within the church. While church confessions and
creeds are not considered infallible, dissent from their teaching must be
proven biblically. See also, Creeds
Witnessing
This is not
evangelism although it participates in
evangelism. We witness to others through our actions, lifestyle, and choices.
People are not won to Christ through witnessing alone, they are won by
evangelism (the proclamation of the gospel message), Contrary to common understanding
and practice, the power to save souls lies only with God and His Word
proclaimed. It does not lie within the Christian’s power of persuasion, witness
or lack thereof.
Wolf
Refers to the
tribe of Benjamin in the Old Testament and also to false prophets and teachers
in the New Testament. We even have quite a few in our own day.
Worldview
It is the belief
system in which a person views, interprets and interacts with life and the
world, defining truth and reality accordingly.
Worldview, Christian
A Christian
worldview refers to the way in which our Christian lives are to be ordered and
lived out in the presence of God—it is more accurately called a lifeview. A
Christian worldview is not just a philosophy of life, or way in which to view
the secular world through Christian eyes (somehow sanitizing it). Many believe
wrongly that this idea carries a kind of permission to (say) watch R-rate
movies with impunity, or witness other questionable acts (even participating),
as long as it’s viewed through a Christianized lens.
Whit Sunday
See, Pentecost
Worship
To express
reverent love and devotion to God; to ascribe to Him the worth that is due His
holiness. This is not limited to church services only, but should be understood
as an integral part of everyday life in all that we do, think and say.
APPENDIX
CLASSIC CHURCH CREEDS
The following
church creeds (credo— “I believe”)
are the three most historically recognized formal statements of Christian
belief.
APOSTLES’ CREED
I believe in
God, the Father Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, His
only Son, our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin
Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He
descended into hell; the third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended
into heaven; sits at the right hand of God, the Father Almighty; from thence He
shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the
holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the
resurrection of the body, and life everlasting. Amen.
NICENE CREED
I believe in
one God the Father almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things
visible and invisible.
And I believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, born of the Father before all ages, God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God; begotten, not made, of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made, who for us and for our salvation came down from heaven. And He became flesh by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary and was made man. He was also crucified for us, suffered under Pontius Pilate, and was buried. And on the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead. And of His kingdom their will be no end.
And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who together with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, and who spoke through the prophets, and one holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. I confess one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. And I await the resurrection of the dead. And the life of the world to come. Amen
ATHANASIAN CREED
We believe and confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is at once both God and Man. He is God of the substance of the Father, begotten before the worlds, and He is man, of the substance of His Mother, born in the world; perfect God; perfect man, of reasoning soul and human flesh consisting; equal to the Father as touching His Godhead; less than the Father touching His manhood, who, although He be God and man, yet He is not two, but is one Christ; one, however, not by change of Godhead into flesh but by taking of manhood into God; one altogether, not by confusion of substance, but by unity of person.
For as reasoning soul and flesh is one man, so God and man is one Christ; who suffered for our salvation, descended to the world below, rose again from the dead, ascended into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of the Father to come from thence to judge the quick and the dead, at whose coming all men shall rise again with their bodies, and shall give account for their own deeds. And they that have done good will go into life eternal; they that have done evil into eternal fire.
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